EXHIBITION BUDGERIGARS,BUDGERIGARS,

Each of the thirty-two primary mutations belong to one of the four basic groups of mutations classified in parrot species genetics:

Table of primary mutations

Mutation	Varieties	Type	Wild-type symbol (Locus)	Allele Symbol	Dominance Relationship
Dark	Dark Green & Cobalt (single factor D), Olive & Mauve (double factor D)	Structural	D⁺	D	A-I-D
Blue 1	Blue-series	Colour	b⁺	b¹	A-Co-D with other b-locus alleles, else A-R
Blue 2	Blue-series	Colour	b⁺	b²	A-Co-D with other b-locus alleles, else A-R
Blue 1 & Blue 2	Yellowface I	Colour	b⁺	b¹ / b²	(Hetero-allelic mutation produced by interbreeding Blue 1 & Blue 2 varieties)
Yellowface	Yellowface II	Colour	b⁺	b^yf	A-Co-D with other b-locus alleles, else A-R
Goldenface	Goldenface	Colour	b⁺	b^gf	A-Co-D with other b-locus alleles, else A-R
Crest-Factor (C-F)	Circular Crested, Semicircular Crested & Tufted	Structural	Cr-Locus		A-P-G
Dominant Grey	(Australian) Grey & Grey-green	Structural	G⁺	G	A-C-D
English Grey	English Grey & Grey-green	Structural	g⁺	g	A-I-D (rare or extinct)
grey-factor	Australian recessive greygreen & grey	Structural	ag-Locus		A-R (extremely rare or extinct)
Slate	Slate	Structural	sl⁺	sl	S-L-R
Violet	Visual Violet (SF Violet Cobalt, DF Violet Cobalt or DF Violet Skyblue)	Structural	V⁺	V	A-I-D
Dilute	Light, Dark, Olive and Suffused Yellow, White and Suffused White	Dilution	dil⁺'	dil^d	A-R
Clearwing (CW)	Clearwing Green (Yellowing) & Clearwing Blue (Whitewing)	Dilution	dil⁺	dil^cw	A-Co-D with dil^gw allele, A-D over dil^d allele, else A-R
Greywing (GW)	Greywing	Dilution	dil⁺'	dil^gw	A-Co-D with dil^cw allele, A-D over dil^d allele, else A-R
Greywing & Clearwing	Fullbodied Greywing	Dilution	dil⁺	dil^cw / dil^gw	(Hetero-Allelic mutation produced by interbreeding Clearwing & Greywing varieties)
Anti-dimorphic (ADM) Pied (ADMpied)	Danishpied, Recessivepied, Harlequin	Local-Leucism	s-Locus		A-R
Piebald	Australianpied &/or Bandedpied	Local-Leucism	Pb-Locus		A-C-D
Piednape	Continental_Dutchpied & Clearflighted_Dutchpied	Local-Leucism	Pi-Locus	PiPi & Picf	A-C-D
Dark-Eyed-Clear (DEC) aka Clear-Pied (CP)	DEC Green (Dark-Eyed-Yellow) & DEC Blue (Dark-Eyed-White)	Total Leucism	s-Locus / Pi-Locus		A-Co-D (unstable clear morph produced by visually combining ADMpied with either Continental_Dutchpied or Clearflighted_Dutchpied varieties)
Spangle-Factor (Sp)	SF Spangled (showtype / typical mutation) & DF Spangled (clear white &/or clear yellow morphs)	Total Leucism	Sp-Locus		A-I-D
NSLino	Non-Sex-Linked Ino aka Recessive Ino	NSL Complete Albinism	a-Locus	a*a	A-R (extremely rare or extinct)
German Fallow (aka Bronze Fallow)	German Fallow	NSL Incomplete Albinism	fg⁺	fg	A-R
Brown &/or Sepia	Brownwinged	NSL Incomplete Albinism	b-Locus		Presumed A-Co-D with only a-Locus alleles, else exclusively/inclusively A-R (extremely rare or extinct)
Faded		NSL Incomplete Albinism	fd-Locus		A-R (extremely rare)
Beigefallow, Palebrownfallow & Palefallow	Australianfallow	NSL Incomplete Albinism	pf-Locus		A-R
English Fallow (aka Dun Fallow)	English Fallow	NSL Incomplete Albinism	fe⁺	fe	A-R
Scottish Fallow (aka Plum-eyed Fallow)	Scottish Fallow	NSL Incomplete Albinism	fs⁺	fs	A-R
Cinnamon	Cinnamon	SL Incomplete Albinism	cin⁺	cin	S-L-R
Ino	Albino, Lutino	SL Complete Albinism	ino⁺	ino	S-L-R
Cinnamon & Ino	Lacewing	SL Incomplete Albinism	cin⁺ & ino⁺	cin ino	S-L-R Occasional (4%) cross-over between Cinnamon & Ino Loci
Sex-linked Clearbody	Texas Clearbody	Partial-Albinistic (Par-ino)	ino	ino^cl	SL-Co-D with other ino locus alleles, else S-L-R
Blackfaced (BF)		Melanism	bf-Locus		A-R
Darkwinged (DW)		Modifier	dw-Locus		A-Co-D (only noticeably expressive in combination with dil-Locus alleles & most interestingly with Greywinged & Suffused)
Dominant Clearbody	Easley Clearbody	Pigment redistributing	Cl⁺	Cl	A-C-D
Opaline	Opaline	Pigment redistributing	op⁺	op	S-L-R
Saddlebacked (SB)		Local-Leucism	sb-Locus		A-R (extremely rare or extinct)

History
In the first few decades of the 1900s, especially in-between World War I and II, the keeping and breeding of the Budgerigar had become very popular all around the world. Consequently, various mutations occurred and were soon established during this period.

1870-75 The very first registered sudden captive-bred colour mutations were Suffused Green (aka Dilute Yellow), Greywinged Green and either one of the two types of Lutino (NSLino &/or SLino) mutations. All three occurred in aviaries in Great Britain or Europe. Of these three mutations, only the Suffused Green (aka Dilute Yellow) has survived. The latter was easily reproduced in great numbers and is nowadays very well established. The first Lutino mutation quickly vanished but it was re-established in Europe some time between 1931 and 1933.

1878-85 The Skyblue mutation suddenly occurred in continental Europe, most probably in Uccle, Belgium. Surprisingly, this variety was not imported in England until 1910.

1915 Single-Factored Dark-Green (aka Dark-Green) in France (where they were then commonly called 'Laurel' which is the french word for Bay (leaf &/or tree))

1916 Double-Factored Dark-Green (aka Olive) in France.

1918-28 Respectively, Greywinged Green and Greywinged Blue appeared in England and continental Europe.

1920

Crest-Factor in Australia.
Suffused Blue (aka Dilute White) in England and France.
Single-Factored Dark_Blue (aka Cobalt) in France.

1921 Double-Factored Dark_Blue (aka Mauve) in France.

1930

Single-Factored Violet-Green (aka Violet Factor) in Australia (and were then 1st commonly called 'Satin Green')
The first Clearwinged Green (Yellowinged) appeared, developed by H. Pier in Sydney.

1931

Cinnamon in England, Australia & Germany.
An unknown type of Fallow in California, U.S.A. This soon vanished.
The Germanfallow in Germany, recently been genetically classified and identified as the Bronzefallow (aka Brownfallow).
A plum-eyed mutation, similar looking to Fallow mutations, occurred in England. This vanished or at least became very rare. This mutation was most probably the Brownwings, one of the rarest colour mutations of the species.
The first Albino specimens were produced in both England and continental Europe.

1932

Three Fallow mutations occurred in England which became known as the Englishfallow. In Australia these have been genetically classified and identified as the Dunfallow or Greybrownfallow (aka Australianfallow). The Beigefallow or Palebrownfallow has been classified in South-Africa, but no reference seems to be available on this particular mutation.
The recessive Anti-dimorphic Pied (aka Danish Pied aka Harlequin) in Denmark.
The Australian (aka Banded) Pied in Australia.

1933

Green Clearwinged (aka Yellow Wing) and Dominant Grey-Factor appear in Australia.
Both the NSL & the SL Lutino gene occurred in England and continental Europe.
Three Opaline mutations occurred. An Opaline Green hen was captured in the wild and sold to S. Terril in Adelaide. It was later-on reproduced and is most probably the ancestor of all Opaline specimens in Australia. Two sudden captive-bred Opaline mutations occurred in England and Holland.

1934 Recessive grey factor in England.

1935 The various Yellowfaced_Blue and Goldenfaced_Blue occurred in several locations.

1939-46 Clearflighted_Dutchpied in Belgium.

1948

Texas Clearbodied (aka SL-Clearbody) in the U.S.A.
Dominant Clearbodied (aka Easley's Clearbodied) in the U.S.A.
The first Cinnamon-Ino (aka Lacewings) cross-over mutation was produced in Australia.
The first Dark-Eyed-Clear (DEC) variety was produced in Belgium by combining the ADM Pied (aka Danish/Recessive pied) with either one of the two Dutchpied varieties (Continental or Clearflighted).

1970-74 Single-Factored and Double-Factored Spangled specimens were produced in Australia.

1975 Saddleback specimens were produced in Australia.

It is probable that the Greywings mutation survived as the ancestor of all actual Greywings. However, it is possible that the mutation laid dormant in asymptomatic mutant specimens until it was re-established between 1918 and 1925. Blue Greywing specimens were produced later on in 1928.

It is very likely that all Suffused mutation specimens and their varieties are descendants from the first captive mutant specimens. This means that Suffused is the oldest sudden captive-bred colour mutation of the Budgerigar species.

BUDGERIGAR SOCIETYS